Setting EC Levels Using the Teros 12 Sensor and AROYA SOLUS APP

Kevin Sullivan on 04/05/2022

Maintaining healthy plants can be a guessing game that can result in lower quality crops. Its difficult to know the best time to water and feed plants. This is where SOLUS comes in. Avoid crop loss, maximize plant growth success.

Setting EC Levels Using the Teros 12 Sensor and AROYA SOLUS APP

The Teros 12 Sensor, SOLUS Spot Meter App and EC Learning about EC

Electrical conductivity is a measurement of salt levels in plant growing mediums like soil, coco coir or rockwool. Adding nutrients to your soil increases electrical activity. Adding water washes out the salts. EC is one of three measurements the SOLUS displays.

Teros 12 Sensor Measurements

water content: %
temperature: F
electrical conductivity: ds/m

For predictable high yielding results these variables must be managed carefully.

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Why EC Matters

EC tracks nutrients from fertilizer. High nutrient levels will block the plants ability to absorb water.

Low nutrient levels allows the plant to absorb water without providing nutrition to maximize growth rates.

Avoiding the Guess Game

Maintaining healthy plants can be a guessing game that can result in lower quality crops.
Its difficult to know the best time to water and feed plants.
It can take years of experience with one crop to know by looking at a plant whether or not it is healthy.

EC and Water Content Sensors

The Teros 12 EC ds/m Sensor.

SOLUS App displays EC which it reads from the Teros 12 sensor placed in your grow medium.

The Teros sensor passes electrical current between the two outer prongs. The rate of transmission displays in ds/m. Higher salt levels increase ds/m readings.
This is how the SOLUS helps to gain an understanding of nutrient levels in soil.

Teros 12 WC Sensor

The Teros 12 sensor measures water content too.The sensor creates an electromagnetic field and measures it with a high degree of sensitivity in the surrounding growing medium. The value is converted to Volumetric Water Content (VWC) and shows on the SOLUS App as a %.

Understanding volumetric water content levels helps to set watering schedules as the growing medium becomes saturated with water then dries out.

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SOLUS App Download links (phone only)

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A Deeper Dive

Growing mediums and the Teros 12

Choosing a grow medium depends on the grow space set up for irrigation and drainage as well as the personal preference of the gardener and the desired plant size and shape.

Natural soils, coco coir, and rockwool are several popular choices. Each one has a different rate of drying after watering and each medium has different size options that a gardener chooses from.

Pots and Containers

Plastic or other hard containers like raised beds are popular because they dry slower and contain the roots entirely. The Teros 12 can be used in hard containers by cutting a void in the side.

The SOLUS includes a template for where the sensor should be placed. We use a hole saw to cut an entry into the pot for the sensor. The sensor is then left in this pot for the entire cycle. The Teros 12 is desiged to be permanatly buried in fields and orchards. Leaving it in a single location for a crop cycle works fine.

Cloth Grow Bags

The Teros 12 sensor can measure any combination of grow mediums and containers.

Cloth bags with coco or soil are popular and easy to work with.

We've settled on 3lb fabric bags and use the SOLUS template to position the sensor. We move the sensor around early in the cycle to spot any issues with our drip irrigation emitters. Later in the cycle we leave the Teros 12 sensor in place and take spot reading which we save to our phone for reference.

Rockwool Cubes

Rockwool has become popular due to the fact that it is easy to work with, cleaner than soil or coco, and is the most stable medium to use in terms of water content and drying speed. It is also the simplest to take readings from using the Teros 12.

We are currently experimenting with 4" rockwood cubes in 3 gallon cloth bags. We add coco to fill out the void spaces around the 4" cube. We've had great success with this approach and the cubes retain water longer. This has cut our irrigation cycles in half.

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Our Test Garden

We committed to running full grow cycles with the SOLUS to see what we could learn.

First Hand Experience

We have a test garden in our Seattle showroom. We've been using the Teros 12 and SOLUS app to grow a dozen cherry tomato plants (we're limited in this location). We've used the same grow strategies cannabis growers use in large scale gardens.

We use the Teros 12 daily to read the WC and EC levels in 3 gallon fabric bags filled with coco surrounding 4 inch rockwool cubes. The plants were started from seed.

We built watering and feeding times using the SOLUS data.

We adjust the schedules every week. As the plants grow larger they demand more water and nutrition. We would have no way to know the correct level of nutrients without the Teros 12 and SOLUS.

Using the Teros 12 In Your Garden

Bulk EC versus Pore EC

Bulk EC: EC measured in solution or runoff is measured using a different sensor than the Teros 12. This measurement is called Bulk EC. (The Teros cannot be used to measure EC outside of the growing medium.)

We recommend that you have a sensor for Bulk EC as well.

Bulk EC is measured with a sensor calibrated to read in ms/cm which is a measure of liquid electrcial conductivity.

Runoff EC levels do not accurately predict the EC level in the grow medium because of chemical reactions in the medium itself, the amount of water that the growing medium can hold and the rate of drying back.

Pore EC: The Teros 12 sensor measures EC levels using a Pore Water calibrated measurement in ds/m, a measurement in growing mediums. Ds/m and ms/cm measurements are equivalent and can be compared 1:1 to each other. Even though each sensor is different.

Bulk EC levels will be higher when nutrients levels are being raised to reach the ideal balance in the grow medium.

EC Levels In Your Grow

Ideal EC levels in soil/soiless are generally as follows;

The study of EC and WC levels is evolving. These are currently the safe zone however gardeners who are experimenting with higher levels during the generative (flowering) phase as they learn how to steer certain strains to maximum crop yield potential. For high performance pulse feeding and watering in rockwool add 6 ds/m to the Flowering EC target levels noted below. This is for advanced gardeners using automated feeding adn watering.

Starts/Clones

• EC levels for seedlings and young veg plants is around .5-.8 ds/m. Stay at this level until the plants develope 6-8 leaf sets and are fully rooted.

Veg
• Increse to 1.1-1.5 ds/m through vegitative phase.

Flowering
• Boost the EC level to 2.0-2.5 ds/m through flowering.

Pre-Flush
• 1.8- 2.2 ds/m through to flush after which point EC measurements are not necessary.

When To Measure EC

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Watering and Drying Back Concepts

Grow mediums dry at different rates based on many factors like continer type, volume, plant size and temperature.

Choosing the best time to measure EC during dry-back is important. Measuring immediatly after watering is not recommended becasue EC rises as the medium dries back. Waiting too long won't provide good information on EC levels but it is useful when setting irrigation schedules.

Minimum Water Content

The Teros 12 sensor is most accuate when water content (WC) is above 17%. Levels below 17% confuse the sensor as salts build up around the stainless steel prongs.

Water content in grow mediums below 20% would be extremally low and unhealthy for the plants.

We've experimented with letting rockwood and coco moisture levels go below 20%. They weigh practically nothing, dipping a finger in feels completely dry. And it is nearly impossible to resaturate them to 50% with drip irrigation. If the levels go this low the plant is likely not going to make it.

Maximum Water Content

Choosing the maximum water content level depends on the grow medium's ability to hold water.

Rockwool and Coco Coir have similar moisture content holding ability.
Both are fully saturated at 60% WC and will dry back to about 30%. It is very difficult to get either back to the 60% saturation level with drip irrigation.

When to check WC Levels

Measuring WC helps set watering intervals and amounts. We recommend a low threshold of 35% water content and then re-watering.

We leave the Teros 12 sensor in the same grow container and take readings every hour at two hours after watering to watch the water content move towards 35%. When it does we program the drip system for this length of time, and adjust the minutes of watering.

2 hours dryback + amount of time to dry to 35% = the weekly watering interval.
We keep an eye on the plants with additional WC readings towards the end of the week and if they are stripping the medium of water we increase the minutes of water from our emitters.

The upper threshold depends on the medium, and generally we aim for 45-50% with coco or rockwool before stopping the watering and starting the dry-back.

When to check EC Levels

Generally it is best to check EC between one and two hours after the last watering schedule as the medium will no longer be draining off and the EC level will be stable and the most accurate.

Water / Feed Schedule Setting

After several weeks of mutiple readings per day we program our auto-drip irrigation system to reach 45-50% WC.

Our garden has a dozen 3 gallon pots with a pair of emitters at .5 gph.
We look at the EC levels 1-2 hours later (it does not change much in that time). Then we adjust the fertigation injectors up or down based on the plant phase EC target.

Remember that if you measure EC when WC is below 20% you will not have an accurate number so disregard EC at very low water content levels. And also at fully saturated levels.

Bring the level back to the upper WC threshold and dry-back before measureing EC. Then adjust feeding as required to maintain the EC target.

Flood versus Pluse Watering

EC and WC targets remain the same for either type of watering strategy.
Pulse watering becomes necessary with larger plants to keep the grow medium from drying out too far which is unrecoverable.

Crop Steering - Managing Plant Stress For Yield

This is a topic for another post. Crop steering tactics are used together with pulse watering and feeding schedules to intentionally stress the plant. Cycling between low minimum water levels results in a competitive growth response in the plant which improves yield.

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FGI

FGI UV LED Grow Light Set. 340-400 nm Extended Spectrum for plant growing. $ 198.00 $ 299.00

DESCRIPTION Rugged, waterproof, glass lens, 100-277 VAC. This unit is built to last. The FGI 385nm UV Lightbar is designed to provide targeted supplemental blue energy to equal natural sunlight levels. At Forever Green, we strive to match natural sunlight with our lighting products. The reason for this is that plant morphology is affected by the spectral composition of light, which means that different wavelengths of light can promote different plant growth. In particular, blue light is known to encourage compact growth and strong stems, making it an essential part of plant development. By providing plants with the same level of blue light as they would receive from the sun, the FGI 385nm UV Lightbar ensures that they can grow and develop in the best possible way. As a result, it is an invaluable tool for any gardener or plant lover who wants their plants to thrive. Science behind using UV-A supplemental energy on plants Recent studies at Utah State University have shown that plants absorb and benefit from light between 380-740NM. This research has led to the study of E-PAR or extended PAR and is redefining measurement of photosynthetic light. Below are the spectrum charts which compare natural sunlight to full spectrum LEDs and then to full spectrum plus supplemental UV. The result is a closer match to sunlight providing more of the beneficial blue light that plants benefit from. Sunlight Levels of 380NM UV Natural sunlight provides plants 1.22 umols of 380nm blue energy. Natural Sunlight Spectrum Blue Energy 1.2234 umols Typical Full Spectrum LED Lack 380NM UV Full spectrum LEDs have limited blue spectrum which peak at 460nm. Full Spectrum LED 460nm Blue Energy Levels .0514 umols Full Spectrum LED with Supplemental 380NM UV Adding supplemental 385NM UV creates a secondary peak of blue energy at 1.5047 umols at 12" from the canopy, roughly equaling natural sunlight. Supplemental UV Spectrum plus Full Spectrum Blue Energy 1.5047 umols (3x greater) Build Quality These are high quality units with a crystal glass lens cover to protect the diodes and allow for cleaning. The all aluminum frame dissipates what little heat the bar creates. At 30 watts the Lightbar sips energy too. Spectrum Theory Blue energy is scientifically known to help form more compact plants. More lush leaf growth, stronger and larger stems and tighter internodal spacing. We gave a prominent researcher one of our UV-A LEDs and he said: "Your UVA lights arrived and we have confirmed their 385 nm peak. This looks like a high quality fixture." He went on to say: "Elevated exposure to UV photons is known to enhance the synthesis of UV blocking compounds in the leaves of many species and it is reasonable to think that UV photons can increase the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants." And further, "I expect we will find value in dosing of CSativa plants with UV photons, but not surprisingly, the effects will likely interact with UV wavelength, intensity, timing of delivery, and growth stage." The UVA Lightbar fits neatly inside the frame of our Uniformity Pro LEDs as well as many other multi-bar style full spectrum LEDs. Use We recommend two of our UV-A LEDs over each 4'x4' area. The slim design allows them to be hung inside the frame of most 6 and 8 bar LEDs. Mounting height should be at the same level to avoid creating shadowing. Control A basic digital 110V wall timer can be used, or if using the TrolMaster Hydro X we recommend the DSP-1 module for 110V or DSP-2 for 120V power connection and multiple on/off timer programming. ~Technical Specs~ Product 30W（±5%） 20 UVA Diodes Per Bar 100-277VAC,50/60 Hz 102.3BTU IP65 44.88”x 2.24”x 1.53” 4.4 lbs Photometric File Download Product Warranty (see our warranty here) 3 year warranty

-44% sale

The FGI Square 3 Wifi Smart 3x3 LED Grow light with 730nm Far Red

FGI

FGI Square 3 V2 Smart LED Grow light full spectrum plus 730nm Far Red $ 169.00 $ 299.00

DESCRIPTION The FGI Square 3 V2 is the best digitally controlled WiFi LED grow light on the marketplace today. This powerful and compact grow light features built-in WiFi mesh technology (optional to use) that allows you to connect to the cloud and monitor your lighting levels and room temperature from anywhere in the world. If you're serious about growing healthy, bountiful plants, the FGI Square 3 is the perfect choice. The improved WeatherEFX WiFi LED Grow Lighting Controller, now easier to connect, can help you mimic natural sunlight conditions, promoting healthy plant growth. The controller uses either local weather data or your own custom programming to adjust the light intensity and spectrum of your LEDs, simulating changing light conditions throughout the day. You can also create custom on/off schedules and scenarios, such as sunrise/sunset, to further customize your lighting. Plus, the controller's Cloud Intelligence feature allows you to check in on your lights from anywhere.Take your garden to the next level with more natural lighting using FGI's weatherEFX. Learn more about weatherEFX, and the Cloud Intelligence App on YouTube here: SCIENCE Botanists studied the effect of leaf shading and competitive growth responses here: Importance of Intermittent Shade to the Ecophysiology of Subalpine Herbs, A. K. Knapp, W. K. Smith and D. R. Young from the Journal: Functional Ecology."A reduction in sunlight caused by clouds, appears to result in substantial increases to water status, and thus CO2 uptake throughout the day. Plants benefit in periodic reduction of evaporative demand that result from natural periods of intermittent shade." APP/WiFi The Square 3 uses Cloud Intelligence, a SMART devices platform which connects the light to your phone for easy control. The Square 3 uses a 2.5ghz Wifi connection together with ble mesh to ensure reliable operation even when you are away from the light. Cloud Intelligence is used by many SMART devices makers such as Amysen, supplier of Wifi Smart Wall plugs which can be used to control fans, dehum, our single color FGI Far Red and UVA lightbars and any other 110V device that runs at less than 10amps. Square 3 Product Manual Wifi Controller Manual and Troubleshooting Guide FEATURES Lightweight - just 13 lbs Slim - 3" deep Cool - won't add too much heat 4 push button dimming settings BUILD Our red + far red booster spectrum will help you grow the largest and most dense flowers. Super bright full spectrum 4000K diodes operate at an efficient 2.58umols/j plus 5% total 660nm red and 730nm far red diodes in a cool square within a square within a square design. This light can run full cycle from seedling to veg to flower. COVERAGE The Square 3 is designed for flowering in 3'x3' spaces at up to 1000 umols/ms. (CO2 recommended for this light level). Or grow at 800 umols/ms without CO2. It can be used for Veg when dimmed. And when fully dimmed can be used over clones and starts too.Below are PAR readings with the lights at three different distances. At 24" expect PPFD to be above 1000 umols/ms, but not as uniform. At 30" PAR will be above 750 umols/ms. This is an ideal light level if not using supplemental CO2. These levels are equal to a typical HPS grow space.At 36" light levels become more uniform from corner to corner but at 680 umols are below what we'd recommend for flower.At 48", light levels are the most uniform and are perfect for mature veg plants. Use the built in dimmer to reduce intensity for young veg plants. Product Manuals: Square 3 Product Manual Wifi Controller Manual and Troubleshooting Guide SPECIFICATIONS FGI Square 3 V2 WiFi LED Grow LightDiodes (White)Diodes Brand name: Shenzhen Lideda Number of pieces 960 CCT 4000K CRI 80CRI Other color Diodes (Red) Brand Name: Shenzhen Lideda Number of pieces 256 CCT NA Wavelength 655-665nm Other color Diodes (FR) Brand Name: Shenzhen Lideda Number of pieces 64 CCT NA Wavelength 730-745nm Ratio mix white/red (%) 3:1Product Warranty/Longevity Warranty (years) 5 years Lifetime (L-90) - in hours 50,000 hours Photosynthetic Light Measurements PPF Output* 1120 umol/s PPF Efficacy* PPF 2.58umols/j Photopic Light Measurements Luminous Flux* 67,000 lm Luminous Flux Efficacy 168 lm/w Other Input Power Watts 310W Input Voltage 110V Cord length 8' (2.44m, 18AWG ) Plug type (note if bare whip) Molded 110V Product Dimensions Dimensions W x L x H (inches) 22 x 22 x 3.5 Weight (pounds) 13 Operating Temp range (F) -20℃ — +40℃ IP rating IP20 Rating CSAPhysical Dimensions Package Dimension W x L x H (inches) 27 x 26 x 6.5 Dimming / Tuning: Push button / Wifi App Product Warranty: 2 years against mfg defects.